{"id":15636,"date":"2021-04-25T12:32:42","date_gmt":"2021-04-25T12:32:42","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.impactmania.com\/im\/?p=15636"},"modified":"2021-05-12T09:33:48","modified_gmt":"2021-05-12T09:33:48","slug":"the-mirror-in-between","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.impactmania.com\/im\/the-mirror-in-between\/","title":{"rendered":"The Mirror in Between"},"content":{"rendered":"

Human Mind and Migration Program \u2014THE MIRROR IN BETWEEN<\/span><\/h2>\n

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The students of Messaggero Veneto Scuola<\/a> are part of the\u00a0impactmania\u2019s<\/em><\/a> internship program for the 2020-2021 academic year. A series of migration topics were explored in this Program that will culminate in an online exhibition and presentation, May 2021.<\/p>\n

COVID made us all Digital Nomads<\/a>, however, it didn\u2019t stop us from cross-cultural, interdisciplinary learning.<\/p>\n

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BY DENIDA DODA<\/span><\/h5>\n

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Did you ever get lost in a mirror, trying to figure out who you are?\u00a0<\/span><\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

An ancient Greek aphorism says, \u201cKnow thyself<\/a>\u201d. But what if we needed to mirror into someone else in order to find ourselves? Then we would have to reach out towards one another. This way we would be able to grasp our own essence as human beings. After all, although we are distinct bodies, we are not different, so there\u2019s no reason for us to be distant.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

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Professor Marco Iacoboni, M.D., PhD. at the Brain Research Institute, UCLA.<\/p><\/div>\n

Marco Iacoboni<\/a> is a neurologist and neuroscientist originally from Rome, Italy. Currently he is Professor in the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences at the David Geffen School of Medicine<\/a>, UCLA<\/a>, and director of the Kreshek Family Neuromodulation Laboratory at the Ahmanson-Lovelace Brain Map\u00adping Center<\/a>. His brain imaging studies have pio\u00adneered the investigation of the mirror neuron system in humans. Iacoboni lives in Los Angeles, Cali\u00adfornia.<\/span><\/p>\n

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What are mirror neurons, where do we find them, and what\u2019s their function?<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Mirror neurons are cells that were originally discovered in the monkey brain by a group of neurophysiologists led by Giacomo Rizzolatti<\/a> in Parma. They were studying the part of the monkey brain that controls grasping. Grasping is that very important action in our daily life: we can\u2019t get out of the house without grasping the door. The researchers were looking into the motor aspects of those cells, but then they found, to their surprise, that some of these cells that are part of the ventral premotor cortex of the monkey, which is the part of the brain that controls the grasping action of the monkey, also responded when the monkey wasn\u2019t doing anything, just watching someone else making a grasping action.<\/span><\/p>\n

So that\u2019s the whole cause of the mirroring, because if some areas of the brain that control my actions are also active when I\u2019m not moving at all but just watching a human doing the same action, it is as if I\u2019m looking at myself in the mirror. The mirror neuron system seems to introject other people in our brains so we introspectively look into ourselves.<\/span><\/p>\n

Initially they were discovered in this part of the brain that controls the grasping behavior of the animal, but then studies have shown mirroring phenomena in a bunch of other different areas. There are at least six to eight neuron systems that contain some forms of mirroring.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

We were joking when we started investigating mirror neurons in humans, saying we wanted to demonstrate that the human brain is a large mirroring device, but we\u2019re getting close to that. A UCLA study that just came out in Nature<\/a> shows some mirroring phenomena in the hippocampus, in patients that have implanted electrodes. So, mirror neurons seem to be located in many different brain areas.<\/span><\/p>\n

As soon as they got discovered, Rizzolatti thought that it sounded like the motor theory of speech perception, which is a theory that was proposed back in the fifties by Haskins Labs<\/a>. This theory says that the areas of the brain we use to emit speech sounds also activate when we hear someone else speaking. In order for the sender and the receiver of a message to understand each other, there must be a common code which is the activation of the same motor areas of the brain, and we actually demonstrated that.<\/span><\/p>\n

The other function we attach to them is imitation, because our brain activates not only when we make actions but also when we see other people doing that same action. Imitation is such an important aspect of mirroring behavior: it\u2019s fundamental for empathy, self-awareness, for learning, and hence for the transmission of culture.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Brain Mapping Center, UCLA<\/p><\/div>\n

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What led you to study mirror neurons?<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

I was in a meeting in Prague in 1995 and Rizzolatti told me about these mirror neurons which he and his team (Vittorio Gallese<\/a>, Luciano Fadiga<\/a>, Leonardo Fogassi<\/a>) had discovered and he wanted to do more experiments. Rizzolatti knew I was doing brain imaging so he asked me if I wanted to collaborate with him. I thought it was a very cool thing and that\u2019s how it all started.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

At the beginning I studied imitation but the other thing that I\u2019m studying a lot now is empathy, the link between emotions and the understanding of emotions through mirroring. We activate the same neural systems when we feel emotions and when we see other people expressing those emotions.<\/span><\/p>\n

What\u2019s the link between mirror neurons and language?
\nIn your book Mirroring People: The Science of Empathy and How We Connect With Others<\/a> you say that conversation is easier than monologue. Is communication and therefore interaction with others easier than hearing our own ego i.e. voice?\u00a0 What in practice have you seen that improves our understanding of each other that is supported by your research?<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Imitation is such a key factor in language acquisition and being a good imitator in very early life facilitates learning.<\/span><\/p>\n

Because of mirroring we get into understanding most of the speech sounds through this sort of \u201cinner imitation\u201d in our brain. Another aspect is really the back and forth of conversations\u00a0 that happen naturally. The time it takes for me to end what I was saying and for you to start saying something in response is a tenth of a second, it\u2019s very fast. The idea is that we are able to have this fast dialogue because we are sort of into the mind of the speaker and we can anticipate when the speaker is going to end what he\/she is saying so that we can come in and say something else and this also facilitates our understanding of each other.<\/span><\/p>\n

It\u2019s very difficult to listen to someone talking over and over again. That\u2019s why when I go to a class and give a seminar, it\u2019s tough for the audience and for the speaker because it is not a natural thing, we tend to have conversations.<\/span><\/p>\n

In this case the role of mirror neurons is to transform our bodily actions from a private experience to a social experience to be shared with others through language.<\/span><\/p>\n

Can mirror neurons be related to a sense of belonging to a community? And in which way mirror neurons can help integrate people and adapt to new cultures?<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Yes, I mean, that\u2019s the link to empathy.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Basically we form strong bonds with people of our own communities through this empathic mechanism. We also tend to divide ourselves in different social groups. I always like to cite <\/span>Marcus Aurelius<\/a> who says, \u201cIf I think of myself as Marcus, my city is Rome, but if I think of myself as a human being, my city is the whole planet\u201d.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Groups are malleable: I\u2019m European, I\u2019m Italian, I\u2019m Roman, I\u2019m a guy who\u2019s been living in L.A. for 30 years, I\u2019m a neuroscientist, I like to play tennis\u2026 There are all these aspects that make me part of some social group with whom I can bond more or less.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

But at the end of the day we are all humans and we can actually consider this social empathy that is more communal at a world level. Mirror neurons are very important for culture (they allow the assimilation of local traditions) and for forming social groups because they facilitate\u00a0 empathy which is the mediator that allows us to create strong bonds with other people.<\/span><\/p>\n

In social psychology there\u2019s the artificial group paradigm: the recruited participants are divided into two groups, one with a red t-shirt and the other with a blue t-shirt. And just by using this very silly experiment, people sort of feel that they belong to one group or another and you can see all the dynamics between in-group and out-group sort of relationship.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

We are really prone to create bonds, and that\u2019s what mirror neurons tend to do, but the dark side of it is that we can also divide ourselves into different subgroups.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

We have an instinct to imitate one another, to synchronize our bodies, so that two individuals can become one entity and be able to find a common identity.<\/span><\/p>\n

Mirror neurons help us increase empathy and open ourselves to other cultures without forgetting our own. We have evolved to connect deeply with other human beings. Our awareness of this fact can and should bring us even closer to one another.<\/p>\n

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The scanner control room at the Brain Mapping Center, UCLA<\/p><\/div>\n

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Does isolation inhibit the ability to develop self-awareness?<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

We think about self in terms of the things that concern us. But the link between social environment and the sense of self are related, as social animals we have social brains.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

The mirroring mechanism would seem to be essential for establishing cohesive bonds within social groups. The interdependence between self and other that mirror neurons allows shapes social interactions between people.<\/span><\/p>\n

We are really shaping ourselves when we make interactions with other people, and that also means that indeed if you\u2019re isolated, then your sense of self becomes sort of impoverished too because your identity is determined by the relationships that you have with other people, especially the ones that are important for you.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

So in that sense, yes, living in isolation reduces your capacity to empathize and at the same time impoverishes your sense of self. That\u2019s why intersubjectivity and interactions with other people are fundamental.<\/span><\/p>\n

Do bi\/multicultural people have more developed mirror neurons, given that they are caught between two or more cultures and that we learn by imitating?<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

That would be my contention, but it\u2019s not an easy thing to demonstrate. I find that people who live in bicultural environments tend to be more open minded and sort of \u201cchameleons in society\u201d.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

If we live in a more homogeneous society then we tend to ingrain the values of that society. We typically are even suspicious towards other values. But if we grow up in a multicultural place then we tend to embrace and to be much more open.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

In a way mirror neurons are also part of this, in the sense that the more you are exposed to other cultures, to their way of thinking, the more you are actually familiar with those and tend to be empathic also with those sorts of ways of looking at things.<\/span><\/p>\n

How can these brain cells help us feel what other people feel, empathizing with others? How can we possibly access other minds and understand the minds of other people with this mechanism of mirroring? Knowing others helps us to know ourselves better and this process is mediated by mirror neurons, can these cells help us regain that empathy for others and break down the barrier of prejudice, racial hatred, and above all tear down borders and walls, but start building bridges?<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Yes! The short answer is yes.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

But let\u2019s not forget that it\u2019s not just mirror neurons. What we\u2019ve been doing for the last ten years is to figure out how these areas that we know are rich on mirror neurons are interacting with other brain regions that are less rich on mirror neurons. These cells seem to create some sort of intimacy between self and other. For people to get \u201ccloser\u201d to each other it also requires what we call cognitive control, these areas of the brain that are important for executive functions, for controlling yourself, and for not being too swept away by emotions.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

So what we\u2019re looking at now is if the interactions between these cognitive control systems in the mirror areas really make us\u00a0 productive and efficient for other people. One thing in the long-term plan for us is to figure out how this complicated system works so we can actually help people.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

There are many people, especially with mental health disorders, that have social cognition impairment; they\u2019re not really good at navigating social environments as competently as healthy people tend to do. That\u2019s the main problem they have.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

In people with schizophrenia we can treat prominent symptoms like hallucinations, but we can\u2019t fix social cognition or empathy impairments, because we still don\u2019t know exactly how it works. Social cognition impairment in these patients is the main predictor of low quality of life. What we are trying to figure out is how to make these individuals more socially competent and possibly to intervene and to restore empathic functions through mirroring and interaction of mirroring with other brain systems.
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In your book you say that mirror neurons \u201cshow that we are not alone, but biologically wired and evolutionarily designed to be deeply interconnected with one another.\u201d<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

What\u2019s the effect of a society that\u2019s becoming more and more individualistic on these neurons? In which way the study of mirror neurons and the dissemination of research can improve our society?<\/span><\/p>\n

Unfortunately, we live in a very individualistic society, especially in first world countries. Even though we tend to embrace a sort of world view, we know that other cultures are much more collectivistic, so do not forget that there are these aspects to consider in different countries.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

True cross-cultural encounters are actually made impossible by the influence of massive belief systems, religious and political, that continuously deny the fundamental neurobiology that links us together.<\/span><\/p>\n

And the more we tend to fractionate each other, and to be individualistic, particularly by using technologies and this way of living life, the more we tend to seek others because we kind of need other people.<\/span><\/p>\n

That\u2019s what motivated me to write my book Mirroring People<\/em> because I thought it was such a great story: I\u2019ve been taught for many many years that we are selfish beings, that we only care for self preservation and we want the best for our family and close relatives.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

With what is going on in our labs it seems that we are actually wired for empathy. That\u2019s why prejudice and this fear of strangers and immigration doesn\u2019t make sense because we\u2019re actually one family and that\u2019s what mirror neurons are evolutionarily teaching us.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Basically mirror neurons are in our brains because of evolution, which is a long process that shapes and selects the features that are adaptive for us. And if we have this developed mechanism of mirroring and we are thus empathic, it\u2019s because it is adaptive for us.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cOur mirror neurons commit us to others. They show the deepest way we relate to and understand each other: they demonstrate that we are wired for empathy, which should inspire us to shape our society and make it a better place to live.\u201d
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Denida Doda was born in Udine, Italy in 2003. She is currently attending the fourth year of scientific high school Giovanni Marinelli<\/a>. Denida is part of the youth editorial staff of the local newspaper Messaggero Veneto<\/a>\u00a0and part of the impactmania<\/em><\/a> student internship program.<\/p>\n


\nFeatured image: Ren\u00e9 Magritte, La reproduction interdite <\/em>(1937).<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u00a0 Lo specchio tra di noi<\/span><\/h2>\n

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Gli studenti del Messaggero Veneto Scuola<\/a> fanno parte del programma di stage di impactmania<\/em><\/a> per l’anno accademico 2020-2021. Una serie di argomenti sulla migrazione sono stati esplorati in questo programma che culminer\u00e0 in una mostra e presentazione online a maggio 2021.<\/p>\n

Il COVID ci ha resto tutti nomadi digitali, tuttavia, non ci ha fermati dall\u2019apprendimento interculturale e interdisciplinare.<\/p>\n

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DI DENIDA DODA<\/span><\/h5>\n

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Marco Iacoboni<\/span><\/a> \u00e8 un neurologo e neuroscienziato romano. Attualmente \u00e8 Professore del Dipartimento di Psichiatria e Scienze Biocomportamentali alla<\/span> David Geffen School of Medicine<\/span><\/a>, dell\u2019Universit\u00e0 della California a Los Angeles, e direttore del Laboratorio di Neuromodulazione della Famiglia Kreshek alla<\/span> Ahmanson-Lovelace Brain Map\u00adping Center<\/span><\/a>. I suoi studi riguardanti l\u2019imaging cerebrale hanno aperto la strada all\u2019indagine sul sistema dei neuroni specchio negli esseri umani. Iacoboni vive a Los Angeles, California.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Ti sei mai perso in uno specchio, cercando di capire chi sei veramente?<\/span><\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

Un aforisma dell\u2019antica Grecia dice: \u201cconosci te stesso\u201d. E se avessimo bisogno di rispecchiarci in qualcun altro per poter trovare noi stessi? Allora dovremmo avvicinarci l\u2019un l\u2019altro. In questo modo saremmo in grado di cogliere la nostra essenza come esseri umani. In fondo siamo individui distinti ma non diversi, non c\u2019\u00e8 alcuna ragione per essere distanti.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Cosa sono i neuroni specchio, dove si trovano e qual\u2019\u00e8 la loro funzione?<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

I neuroni specchio sono cellule che originariamente sono state scoperte nel cervello della scimmia da un gruppo di neurofisiologi guidati da<\/span> Giacomo Rizzolatti<\/span><\/a> a Parma. Stavano studiando il settore del cervello della scimmia che controlla l\u2019afferramento. Afferrare \u00e8 un\u2019azione molto importante che compiamo ogni giorno: non possiamo uscire di casa senza afferrare la maniglia della porta. I ricercatori stavano esaminando gli aspetti motori di queste cellule ma poi scoprirono, con loro grande sorpresa, che alcune di queste cellule che fanno parte della corteccia premotoria ventrale della scimmia, che \u00e8 la parte del cervello che controlla l\u2019azione di afferramento della scimmia, si attivavano anche quando la scimmia non stava facendo niente ma semplicemente guardava qualcun altro compiere la stessa azione di afferramento.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Questo \u00e8 l\u2019effetto di rispecchiamento perch\u00e9 se alcune aree del cervello che controllano le mie azioni sono attive anche quando non mi muovo affatto ma solo osservo una persona mentre esegue la stessa azione, \u00e8 come se stessi guardando me stesso allo specchio. Il sistema di neuroni specchio sembra introiettare le altre persone nelle nostre menti e quindi noi guardiamo all\u2019interno di noi stessi introspettivamente.<\/span><\/p>\n

Inizialmente sono stati scoperti in questa parte del cervello che controlla il comportamento di afferramento dell\u2019animale ma, in seguito, gli studi hanno rilevato il fenomeno anche in altre aree, ci sono circa otto sistemi neuronali che presentano questa attivit\u00e0.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Abbiamo iniziato la nostra ricerca come un gioco, volevamo dimostrare che il cervello \u00e8 un grande congegno rispecchiante, adesso ci stiamo arrivando. Uno studio della UCLA che \u00e8 appena stato pubblicato su Nature, mostra alcuni fenomeni di rispecchiamento nell’ippocampo, in alcuni pazienti in cui sono stati impiantati elettrodi. Quindi questi neuroni sono localizzati in diverse aree del cervello.<\/span><\/p>\n

Non appena furono scoperti, Rizzolatti associ\u00f2 la loro funzione alla teoria motoria della percezione del linguaggio, teoria che fu proposta gi\u00e0 negli anni cinquanta dai <\/span>laboratori di Haskins<\/span><\/a>. Questa teoria afferma che le aree del cervello che noi usiamo per emettere suoni vocali, si attivano anche mentre ascoltiamo qualcun altro che parla. Perch\u00e9 l\u2019emittente e il ricevente del messaggio possano comprendersi, dev\u2019esserci un codice comune che \u00e8 rappresentato dall\u2019attivazione delle stesse aree motorie del cervello, noi siamo riusciti a dimostrarlo.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

L\u2019altra funzione che attribuiamo loro \u00e8 l\u2019imitazione perch\u00e9 il nostro cervello non si attiva soltanto quando svolgiamo azioni ma anche quando vediamo altre persone eseguire quelle stesse azioni. L\u2019imitazione \u00e8 un aspetto molto importante del comportamento rispecchiante, \u00e8 fondamentale per l\u2019empatia, per l\u2019autoconsapevolezza, per l\u2019apprendimento e perci\u00f2 anche per la trasmissione della cultura.<\/span><\/p>\n

Cosa l\u2019ha portata a studiare i neuroni specchio?<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Ero ad un incontro a Praga nel 1995 e Rizzolatti mi parl\u00f2 di questi neuroni che aveva scoperto assieme al suo team (<\/span>Vittorio Gallese<\/a>,<\/span> Luciano Fadiga<\/a>,<\/span> Leonardo Fogassi<\/a>), voleva fare ulteriori esperimenti. Rizzolatti sapeva che mi stavo occupando di imaging cerebrale quindi mi propose di collaborare con lui. Mi sembr\u00f2 una cosa molto interessante ed \u00e8 cos\u00ec che \u00e8 iniziato tutto.<\/span><\/p>\n

Inizialmente ho studiato l\u2019imitazione ma l\u2019altra cosa che adesso sto studiando molto \u00e8 l\u2019empatia, il legame tra le emozioni e la comprensione delle emozioni attraverso il rispecchiamento. Noi attiviamo gli stessi sistemi neuronali quando proviamo emozioni\u00a0 e quando vediamo altre persone che esprimono quelle emozioni.<\/span><\/p>\n

Qual\u2019\u00e8 il collegamento tra i neuroni specchio e il linguaggio? Nel suo libro \u201c<\/b>I neuroni specchio: come capiamo ci\u00f2 che fanno gli altri<\/b><\/a>\u201d lei dice che la conversazione \u00e8 pi\u00f9 semplice del monologo. \u00c8 la comunicazione e perci\u00f2 l\u2019interazione con gli altri pi\u00f9 semplice che ascoltare il proprio ego i.e. voce? Cosa effettivamente migliora la nostra capacit\u00e0 di comprendere gli altri che \u00e8 supportato dalla sua ricerca?<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

L\u2019imitazione \u00e8 un fattore chiave nell\u2019acquisizione del linguaggio ed essere buoni imitatori gi\u00e0 dall\u2019infanzia facilita l\u2019apprendimento.<\/span><\/p>\n

Grazie al rispecchiamento noi riusciamo a comprendere la maggior parte dei suoni vocali attraverso questa specie di imitazione interna al nostro cervello. Un altro aspetto riguarda i dialoghi continui che avvengono naturalmente. L\u2019intervallo di tempo che ci impiega una persona a finire di dire ci\u00f2 che sta dicendo e per un\u2019altra persona di iniziare a dire qualcosa in risposta \u00e8 un decimo di secondo, \u00e8 molto veloce. Siamo in grado di avere un dialogo veloce perch\u00e9 \u00e8 come se fossimo nella mente di chi parla, in questo modo possiamo anticipare il momento in cui il nostro interlocutore finir\u00e0 di parlare in modo da poterci inserire nel discorso. Anche questo facilita la comprensione reciproca.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00c8 molto difficile ascoltare qualcuno che parla in continuazione. Questo \u00e8 il motivo per cui quando tengo dei seminari, \u00e8 pesante sia per il pubblico sia per me perch\u00e9 non \u00e8 una cosa naturale, noi siamo inclini ad avere conversazioni.<\/span><\/p>\n

In questo caso, il ruolo dei neuroni specchio \u00e8 di trasformare le nostre azioni corporee da un\u2019esperienza privata ad un\u2019esperienza sociale per essere condivisa con gli altri attraverso la lingua.<\/span><\/p>\n

I neuroni specchio possono essere collegati ad un senso di appartenenza ad una comunit\u00e0? E in che modo possono aiutare ad integrare le persone e ad adattarsi a nuove culture?<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

S\u00ec, \u00e8 questo il collegamento con l\u2019empatia.<\/span><\/p>\n

Fondamentalmente formiamo forti legami con le persone delle nostre comunit\u00e0 attraverso questo meccanismo empatico. Tendiamo anche a dividerci in diversi gruppi sociali. Mi piace sempre citare Marco Aurelio che dice “Se penso a me stesso come Marco, la mia citt\u00e0 \u00e8 Roma, ma se penso a me stesso come essere umano, la mia citt\u00e0 \u00e8 l’intero pianeta\u201d.<\/span><\/p>\n

I gruppi sono malleabili: io sono europeo, sono italiano, sono romano, sono una persona che vive a Los Angeles da 30 anni, sono un neuroscienziato, mi piace giocare a tennis,… Ci sono tutti questi aspetti che mi rendono parte di un gruppo sociale con cui posso legare pi\u00f9 o meno.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ma alla fine siamo tutti umani e possiamo considerare questa empatia sociale che \u00e8 pi\u00f9 comune a livello mondiale. I neuroni specchio sono molto importanti per la cultura (permettono l’assimilazione delle tradizioni locali) e per formare gruppi sociali perch\u00e9 facilitano l’empatia che \u00e8 il mediatore che ci permette di creare forti legami con le altre persone.<\/span><\/p>\n

In psicologia sociale c’\u00e8 il paradigma del gruppo minimale: i partecipanti reclutati sono divisi in due gruppi, uno con una maglietta rossa e l’altro con una maglietta blu. E solo usando questo banale esperimento, le persone sentono di appartenere a un gruppo piuttosto che a un altro e si possono notare tutte le dinamiche tra le relazioni all\u2019interno dello stesso gruppo e quelle al di fuori del gruppo di appartenenza.<\/span><\/p>\n

Siamo veramente inclini a creare legami ed \u00e8 quello che i neuroni specchio tendono a fare, ma il lato oscuro \u00e8 che possiamo anche dividerci in sottogruppi diversi.<\/span><\/p>\n

Abbiamo l’istinto di imitarci a vicenda, di sincronizzare i nostri corpi, in modo che due individui possano diventare un’unica entit\u00e0 per trovare un’identit\u00e0 comune.<\/span><\/p>\n

I neuroni specchio ci aiutano ad aumentare l’empatia e ad aprirci ad altre culture senza dimenticare la nostra. Ci siamo evoluti per connetterci profondamente con gli altri esseri umani. La nostra consapevolezza di questo fatto pu\u00f2 e deve portarci ancora pi\u00f9 vicini gli uni agli altri.<\/span><\/p>\n

L’isolamento inibisce la capacit\u00e0 di sviluppare consapevolezza di s\u00e9?<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Pensiamo a noi stessi in termini di cose che ci riguardano ma il legame tra l’ambiente sociale e il senso di s\u00e9 sono correlati, visto che siamo animali sociali abbiamo anche cervelli sociali.<\/span><\/p>\n

Il meccanismo di rispecchiamento sembra essere essenziale per stabilire legami coesivi all’interno dei gruppi sociali. L’interdipendenza tra s\u00e9 e gli altri che i neuroni specchio permettono, plasma le\u00a0 interazioni sociali tra le persone.<\/span><\/p>\n

Plasmiamo noi stessi quando facciamo interazioni con altre persone e questo significa anche che se rimani isolato, allora anche la tua percezione di te stesso si impoverisce, perch\u00e9 la ragione della tua identit\u00e0 \u00e8 determinata dalle relazioni che hai con le altre persone, specialmente quelle che sono importanti per te.<\/span><\/p>\n

Quindi in questo senso, s\u00ec, vivere in isolamento riduce la capacit\u00e0 di empatizzare e allo stesso tempo impoverisce la consapevolezza di s\u00e9. Ecco perch\u00e9 l’intersoggettivit\u00e0 e le interazioni con le altre persone sono fondamentali.<\/span><\/p>\n

Le persone bi\/multiculturali hanno neuroni specchio pi\u00f9 sviluppati, dato che vivono tra due o pi\u00f9 culture e visto che si impara imitando?<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Non \u00e8 una cosa facile da dimostrare. Trovo che le persone che vivono in ambienti biculturali tendono ad essere di mentalit\u00e0 pi\u00f9 aperta, quasi come dei \u201ccamaleonti nella societ\u00e0\u201d.<\/span><\/p>\n

Se viviamo in una societ\u00e0 pi\u00f9 omogenea allora tendiamo a radicare i valori di quella societ\u00e0 nella nostra identit\u00e0. In genere siamo anche sospettosi verso altri valori, ma se cresciamo in un luogo multiculturale allora tendiamo ad accogliere e comprendere i valori delle altre culture e ad essere molto pi\u00f9 aperti.<\/span><\/p>\n

Anche i neuroni specchio sono coinvolti in questo, nel senso che pi\u00f9 si \u00e8 esposti ad altre culture, ai vari modi di pensare, e pi\u00f9 si ha effettivamente familiarit\u00e0 con questi e si tende ad essere pi\u00f9 empatici.<\/span><\/p>\n

Come possono queste cellule cerebrali aiutarci a sentire quello che provano gli altri, ad entrare in empatia con gli altri? Come possiamo accedere ad altre menti e capire altre persone con questo meccanismo di rispecchiamento? Conoscere gli altri ci aiuta a conoscere meglio noi stessi e questo processo \u00e8 mediato dai neuroni specchio, queste cellule possono aiutarci a ritrovare quell’empatia per gli altri e abbattere la barriera del pregiudizio, dell’odio razziale, e soprattutto abbattere confini e muri ma iniziare a costruire ponti?<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

S\u00ec! La risposta breve \u00e8 s\u00ec.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Ma non dimentichiamo che non si tratta solo di neuroni specchio. Quello che abbiamo fatto negli ultimi dieci anni \u00e8 stato capire come queste aree che sappiamo essere ricche di neuroni specchio interagiscono con altre regioni del cervello in cui la presenza di neuroni specchio \u00e8 ridotta. Queste cellule sembrano creare una sorta di intimit\u00e0 tra s\u00e9 e gli altri. Per avvicinare le persone le une alle altre richiede anche quello che chiamiamo controllo cognitivo, queste aree del cervello che sono importanti per le funzioni esecutive, per il controllo di se stessi, per non essere travolti dalle emozioni.<\/span><\/p>\n

Quello che stiamo studiando ora \u00e8 se le interazioni tra questi sistemi di controllo cognitivo nelle aree ricche di neuroni specchio ci rendono davvero produttivi, efficienti per le altre persone. Un obiettivo per noi \u00e8 quello di riconfigurare come funziona questo sistema complicato in modo da poter effettivamente aiutare le persone.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Ci sono molte persone, soprattutto con disturbi di salute mentale che hanno disabilit\u00e0 cognitiva sociale, che non sono capaci di partecipare alla vita sociale con la stessa competenza delle persone sane. Questo \u00e8 il loro problema principale.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nelle persone con schizofrenia possiamo trattare quei sintomi prominenti come le allucinazioni, ma non possiamo curare la disabilit\u00e0 cognitiva sociale o empatica, perch\u00e9 non sappiamo esattamente come funziona. La disabilit\u00e0 cognitiva sociale in questi pazienti \u00e8 il predittore della bassa qualit\u00e0 della vita. Quello che stiamo cercando di capire \u00e8 come rendere questi individui pi\u00f9 socialmente competenti ed eventualmente intervenire e ripristinare le funzioni empatiche attraverso il rispecchiamento e la sua interazione con altri sistemi cerebrali.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nel suo libro lei dice che i neuroni specchio “mostrano che non siamo soli, ma biologicamente legati ed evolutivamente progettati per essere profondamente interconnessi gli uni con gli altri\u201d. Qual \u00e8 l’effetto di una societ\u00e0 che sta diventando sempre pi\u00f9 individualista su questi neuroni? In che modo lo studio dei neuroni specchio e la divulgazione della ricerca possono migliorare la nostra societ\u00e0?<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Purtroppo viviamo in una societ\u00e0 molto individualistica, specialmente nei paesi del primo mondo. Anche se tendiamo ad abbracciare una visione pi\u00f9 ampia del mondo, sappiamo che altre culture sono molto pi\u00f9 collettivistiche, quindi non bisogna dimenticare che ci sono anche questi aspetti da considerare nei diversi paesi.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

I veri incontri interculturali sono in realt\u00e0 resi impossibili dall’influenza dei maggiori sistemi di credenze: religiose e politiche, che negano continuamente la neurobiologia fondamentale che ci unisce.<\/span><\/p>\n

E pi\u00f9 tendiamo a dividerci l’un l’altro, e ad essere individualisti, in particolare usando le tecnologie e questo modo di vivere, pi\u00f9 tendiamo a cercare gli altri perch\u00e9 abbiamo bisogno di altre persone.<\/span><\/p>\n

Questo \u00e8 ci\u00f2 che mi ha spinto a scrivere il mio libro, perch\u00e9 ho pensato che fosse una storia davvero bella: da quando siamo piccoli ci viene insegnato che siamo esseri egoisti, che ci preoccupiamo solo per l’auto-conservazione e vogliamo il meglio per la nostra famiglia e parenti stretti.<\/span><\/p>\n

Le nostre ricerche invece ci stanno dimostrando che, in realt\u00e0, siamo programmati per l’empatia. Ecco perch\u00e9 il pregiudizio e la paura degli estranei e dell’immigrazione non hanno senso perch\u00e9 siamo un’unica famiglia e questo \u00e8 ci\u00f2 che i neuroni specchio ci stanno insegnando evolutivamente.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Fondamentalmente i neuroni specchio sono nel nostro cervello a opera dell’evoluzione, che \u00e8 un lungo processo che forma e seleziona le nostre caratteristiche adattive. E se abbiamo questo meccanismo sviluppato di rispecchiamento e siamo quindi empatici, \u00e8 perch\u00e9 ci\u00f2 \u00e8 adattivo per noi.<\/span><\/p>\n

“I nostri neuroni specchio ci legano agli altri. Mostrano il modo pi\u00f9 profondo con cui ci relazioniamo e ci capiamo l’un l’altro: dimostrano che siamo fatti per l’empatia, che dovrebbe ispirarci a plasmare la nostra societ\u00e0 e renderla un posto migliore dove vivere.”<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Denida Doda \u00e8 nata a Udine nel 2003. Attualmente frequenta il quarto anno del liceo scientifico \u201cGiovanni Marinelli<\/a>\u201d. Fa parte della redazione ragazzi del quotidiano locale “Messaggero Veneto Scuola<\/a>” e del programma di stage di impactmania<\/a><\/em>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Imitation is such an important aspect of mirroring behavior: it\u2019s fundamental for empathy, self-awareness, for learning, and hence for the transmission of culture.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":15639,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[9,29,34,23,28,991,27],"tags":[535,231,938,933,236,937,139,245,207,936,935,932,764,129,930,330,931,934],"class_list":["post-15636","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-books","category-community","category-health-wellness","category-human-mind-and-migration","category-interviews","category-mv-scuola","category-programs","tag-brain","tag-california","tag-denida-doda","tag-haskins-labs","tag-human-mind-and-migration","tag-imitation","tag-impactmania","tag-internship","tag-italy","tag-leonardo-fogassi","tag-luciano-fadiga","tag-marco-iacoboni","tag-messaggero-veneto-scuola","tag-migration","tag-mirror-neurons","tag-student","tag-ucla","tag-vittorio-gallese"],"yoast_head":"\nThe Mirror in Between - impactmania<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u201cOur mirror neurons commit us to others. 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